 "coal, fossil fuel")
In 2015, the coal mining sector started from scratch following a Supreme Court order cancelling all prior mine allocations and the implementation of the Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Act (CMSPA).
This led to record coal mine awards to both public and private sectors and the industry, which until last decade was seen as dominated by contractors, metamorphosed into a thriving mine developer and operator (MDO) ecosystem.
According to data collated by Business Standard, 82 mines with a cumulative annual production of around 790 million tonnes (mt) are being operated and mined by private MDOs. These are the mines that have been awarded
