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State-level race in per capita income: Tracking shifts in NSDP rankings

Every state in the East, comprising Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal, lost its ranking. West Bengal mirrored Punjab in sliding 13 positions

economic growth
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Ashok Kumar Lahiri

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Per capita net national product (NNP) — that is, net domestic product (NDP) plus net foreign income — at factor cost at current prices, which was only ₹255 in 1950-51, increased to ₹169,496 in 2022-23. India graduated from a low-income to a low-middle-income country in 2007. Yet, in 2025, India’s per capita gross domestic product (GDP), at $2,937, was still only 3.3 per cent of that of the United States and 21.2 per cent of China’s.
 
India, which lives in its 28 states and eight Union Territories (UTs), needs to persevere to become a developed country. It can have higher
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