New anti-malarial drugs on their way

The WHO's global target for malaria elimination is 2030 and now, a new study has revealed that a new wave of antimalarial drugs is in preparation.

Malaria caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum remains a major public health problem worldwide. As a continuation of previous research targeting Hsp90, a universal molecular chaperone performing vital functions both in the parasite and in human cells, researchers from the universities of Geneva (UNIGE) and Basel, Switzerland, have developed a strategy to identify molecules capable of inhibiting the parasite's protein and causing the destruction of the pathogen, without affecting mammalian cells.

More than 600,000 people die each year from malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, the most dangerous member of this family of parasites. The development of new treatments becomes urgent because of arising parasite resistance against current anti-malarial drugs.

One of the most promising targets is the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), which plays a central role in the pathogen's life cycle and survival, as well as its resistance to treatments. This protein, which is also present in human cells, functions as a 'molecular chaperone', by assisting other proteins.

"Two years ago, we discovered that the parasite's Hsp90 is slightly different from the human form, because it harbors a "pocket" which is able to bind certain molecules and which is missing in human Hsp90," noted researcher Didier Picard.

Using the customised computerised modelling tools they developed to study the Plasmodium's Hsp90, the biologists have developed an innovative approach to isolate other types of molecules to fight against the parasite and which may be of clinical interest: "We started by testing 172 compounds from a library of molecules already known to exert a toxic effect on cultures of Plasmodium. We then identified compounds whose three-dimensional structure fits the pocket of the pathogen's Hsp90," said first author Tai Wang.

"By using a "real time" modelling technology, we were able to examine how the candidate-molecules behave when in contact with the pocket of the pathogen's chaperone. This allowed us to isolate several compounds, all related to aminoalcohol-carbazoles, interacting in a very stable and sustained manner with the pocket, and causing the destruction of the pathogen without affecting the mammalian cells tested," explained Picard.

The results of this study are essential for the elaboration of a therapeutic strategy, thanks to the identification of several substances as serious candidates for future developments. Indeed, inhibitors of parasites' chaperones offer great prospects as next generation drugs.

The study is published in the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.