Statin use linked to increased risk of developing diabetes

Scientists have warned that treatment with high potency statins (especially atorvastatin and simvastatin) may increase the risk of developing diabetes.

But some statins can reduce the risk of diabetes.

Statins are among the most widely prescribed medications for the prevention of cardiovascular events. Although tolerated well, an association with new-onset diabetes has recently been suggested.

One trial suggested a 27 percent increased risk of diabetes with rosuvastatin whereas another suggested patients taking pravastatin benefitted from a 30 percent lower risk.

As there is limited data on this subject, researchers from Canada carried out a population-based study on 1.5 million residents in Ontario, Canada to examine the association between individual statin use and new-onset diabetes.

All patients were aged 66 and over and started statin therapy between 1997 and 2010. The median age was 73 years. Follow up ended either at the end of 2010 or a maximum of five years following the initiation of statins, whichever came first. The primary outcome was incident diabetes.

Data were taken from the Ontario Drug Benefit database, the Canadian Institute for Health Information Discharge Abstract Database and the Ontario Diabetes Database. Statins included in the study were: fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin and rosuvastatin.

All studies used pravastatin-treated patients as the comparison group as this has been shown to have favourable effects on newly diagnosed diabetes in animal models and clinical trials.

471,250 patients were identified with no history of diabetes and who were newly treated with a statin. 54 percent were women. Atorvastatin accounted for more than half of all new statin prescriptions followed by rosuvastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin and fluvastatin.

The overall risk of developing diabetes was low but this risk was increased among some patients taking statins. Between 162 and 407 patients would have to be treated with the various statins for one extra patient to develop diabetes. Patients treated with atorvastatin were found to have a 22 percent increased risk of new-onset diabetes, rosuvastatin an 18 percent increased risk and simvastatin a 10 percent increased risk, relative to pravastatin.

In contrast, patients treated with fluvastatin were at a 5 percent decreased risk and lovastatin a 1 percent decreased risk.

The event rate was highest for atorvastatin (30 outcomes per 1000 person-years) and rosuvastatin (34 per 1000 person-years). Simvastatin accounted for 26 outcomes per 1000 person-years with both fluvastatin and lovastatin at 21 outcomes per 1000 person-years.

The researchers found consistent results in analyses examining the use of statins for primary prevention (when those without established disease are treated) and secondary prevention (when those with established disease are treated). Their findings also suggest that older patients are at an increased risk regardless of dose for atorvastatin and simvastatin or whether therapy is used for primary or secondary prevention.

The researchers say several factors may explain the increased risk of new-onset diabetes among patients receiving certain statins including impaired insulin secretion and inhibited insulin release.

In conclusion, the researchers say clinicians should consider risk when contemplating statin therapy. They add that "preferential use of pravastatin, and potentially fluvastatin may be warranted" and that pravastatin may even be beneficial to patients at high risk of diabetes.

In an accompanying editorial, doctors from the University of Turku in Finland said that the overall benefit of statins still clearly outweighs the potential risk of incident diabetes. They concluded that as statins have been shown to reduce cardiovascular events in patients, they "play an important role in treatment".

The finding was described in a paper published on bmj.com.