Water pollution may be keeping silver carp out of Great Lakes

A new study suggests that Chicago's water pollution may be a contributing factor for the lack of upstream movement in silver carp fish.

"It's a really toxic soup coming down from the Chicago Area Waterway, but a lot of those chemicals go away near Kankakee. They might degrade or settle out, or the Kankakee River might dilute them. We don't really know what happens, but there's a stark change in water quality at that point. That's right where the invading front stops. And this fish never stops for anything," said Cory Suski, associate professor in the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences and co-author of the study published in the journal of Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D: Genomics and Proteomics.

The researchers think the fish stall out at Kankakee because they are responding negatively to compounds in the water flowing downstream from Chicago. They formulated their hypothesis after reading a 2017 water quality report from the U.S. Geological Survey. USGS researchers tracked changes in water chemistry in a single pocket of water as it moved from Chicago downstream through the Illinois River. Right near Kankakee, many of the pharmaceuticals, volatile organic compounds, and wastewater indicators dropped off the charts.

Suski said many of these compounds have been shown in other studies to induce avoidance behaviours in fish, but his team didn't look at behaviour. Instead, they examined gene expression patterns in blood and liver samples from silver carp at three locations along the Illinois River: at Kankakee, approximately 10 miles downstream near Morris, and 153 miles downstream near Havana.

"We saw huge differences in gene expression patterns between the Kankakee fish and the two downstream populations. Fish near Kankakee were turning on genes associated with clearing out toxins and turning off genes related to DNA repair and protective measures. Basically, their livers are working overtime and detoxifying pathways are extremely active, which seem to be occurring at the cost of their own repair mechanisms. We didn't see that in either of the downstream populations," Suski explained.

Suski stressed that his study wasn't designed to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between water pollution and silver carp movement, but the results hint at a compelling answer to a decades-old mystery. The researchers hope to follow up to show how the fish are metabolising the pollutants, which will give them a better understanding of which compounds are having the biggest effects. Right now, it's a black box the USGS study documented approximately 280 chemicals in the Chicago Area Waterway and downstream sites.

Regardless of which specific pollutants may be responsible for stopping silver carp if that hypothesis is later proven the results could have interesting implications for management.