Raise the defence budget

India needs wide-ranging improvements to counter threats

Last month's terrorist strike in Uri and India's retaliatory strikes across the Line of Control (LoC) show how quickly military tensions can flare up in South Asia. Yet, India's military remains worryingly unprepared for serious escalation, especially when faced with the obvious threat from a more assertive and expansive China. As things stand, over 85 per cent of the defence capital budget is spent on pre-committed items and there is little money left to buy anything new. This at a time when the military is facing serious shortfalls in combat aircraft, warships and submarines, air defence units and even basic combat kit like helmets, boots and bulletproof jackets. Specifically, for the army, India needs night vision equipment, a modern rifle for the infantry, new Howitzers for the artillery and light tanks for the armoured corps. Not to mention that the ammunition stockpiles are insufficient for prolonged hostilities. A report last year by the Parliament's Consultative Committee on Defence unequivocally demanded more money, stating that defence allocations were insufficient for running the military (revenue budget) as well as buying new weaponry (capital budget).

Yet, India's defence allocations remain disconcertingly stagnant. Comparing defence budgets year-to-year has been made difficult by this year's change in accounting methodology. Even so, an apples-to-apples comparison shows this year's defence allocations as a percentage of the gross national product are the lowest since 1962. That year, after the military's humiliating defeat at the hands of China, the defence budget had to be revised mid-year. India's shopping list for weaponry for the 15-year period from 2012 to 2027 is clearly spelt out in the Long Term Integrated Perspective Plan (LTIPP). Yet capital allocations seem not to budget for the money required. This year's capital allocation of Rs 86,340 crore is about the same level as the past two years' capital budget. And, like in those years, it has about 90 per cent pre-committed towards instalments on purchases made during preceding years. The amount earmarked for new purchases is so low that it has been exhausted on just one purchase - the Rafale fighter.

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Additional allocations are now required for fresh acquisitions over the remaining half of 2016-17. At present, defence allocation amounts to Rs 3.41 lakh crore this year, or 2.26 per cent of the gross domestic product. With additional allocations inevitable, the revised estimates should officially raise it to 2.5 per cent of GDP. This should be raised next year to 2.75 per cent and to three per cent in 2018-19, which should be the level thereafter.

But, merely throwing money will not boost defence readiness. In previous years, a significant chunk of the capital budget has been surrendered unspent. To avoid this, the defence ministry must iron out its planning and acquisition processes. This would require the ministry to be staffed by specialists in security administration. To be sure, there are other issues for the government to look at. For instance, defence production units such as the Mazagon Dock must learn to deliver on schedule; China builds a destroyer in three years while India takes eight to 10 years. India also needs more private sector participation in defence production as this will help make more weapons components in India. Lastly, the weapons acquisition process must be radically shortened; as an example, formal tendering to buy two Rafale fighter squadrons has taken so long that deliveries will begin in 2019, 18 years after the initial request for information went out to manufacturers. In this regard, the military, too, needs to develop expertise in equipment planning and procurement, especially in activities such as drawing up specifications - currently framed so expansively that most vendors are unable to fulfil the requirements.