The 13, from the provincial town of Nurek, received terms ranging from 10 to 25 years on charges of attempting to overthrow the constitutional order, calling for extremist action and organising a criminal group.
The regional court in Khatlon said the men had "joined a criminal group with the aim of propagating the terrorist ideas of the Islamic State" jihadist group.
According to the interior ministry, at least 1,000 Tajik nationals are fighting with Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, including the ministry's former special forces commander who defected last year.
And critics accuse the regime of 63-year-old autocrat Emomali Rakhmon of branding opponents extremists in order to consolidate control over the Central Asian country of eight million.
In the last year, reports of forced beard shavings by police have increased, while the government has imposed restrictions on the sale of Islamic clothing.
New York based advocacy group Human Rights Watch said in a statement yesterday that Tajikistan was experiencing "the worst political and religious crackdown since the end of the country's civil war."
Last year the government banned the moderate Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan (IRPT) that was the largest opposition party in the country and branded it a terrorist group.
An ongoing trial of over a dozen IRPT members on extremism charges has seen the United States, the European Union and the United Nations all release statements of concern.
But the government says the heavy-handed tactics are necessary to stem the swell of radicalism in the country.
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