Video footage circulating on social media purportedly from the protest in the northeastern city of Daqing near the border with Russia showed more than 200 people chanting and holding banners outside the city government headquarters.
Several dozen police officers stood guard outside the building.
The 46 billion yuan (USD 6.7 billion) plant proposed by aluminum producer Zhongwang Holdings would create more than 30,000 jobs, according to a government statement about the project forwarded by Zhongwang's media manager, Jiang Qihan.
In a separate statement, Zhongwang said it was a maker of aluminum products and did not engage in either mining or smelting, the most heavily polluting parts of the production chain.
"Zhongwang is a socially responsible company committed to environmental protection and innovation," the statement said.
"As a mid-stream player, our production complies with international standards," it said, adding that most of its production facilities were imported from overseas and met "international environmental requirements."
Hong Kong-listed Zhongwang describes itself on its website as the "second largest industrial aluminum extrusion product developer and manufacturer in the world and the largest in Asia." Founded in 1993, it has more than 90 production lines with a total annual production capacity of 1.2 million tons, it said on its website.
Protesters today chanted "Boycott Zhongwang; refuse pollution," according to footage of the demonstration.
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