Archerfish target prey with jets of water

Archerfish hunt by shooting jets of water at unsuspecting insects, spiders, or even small lizards on leaves or twigs above, knocking them into the water below before gobbling them up, scientists say.
Researchers said that archerfish are much more adaptable and skillful target-shooters than anyone had given them credit for.
The fish use water as a tool, making them the first known tool-using animal to adaptively change the hydrodynamic properties of a free jet of water, researchers said.
"The predominant impression from our field work in Thailand over several years is that there is very little to actually shoot at, so it's important for the fish to be efficient," said Stefan Schuster of the University of Bayreuth in Germany.

"It pays to be able to powerfully hit prey over a wide range of distances," Schuster said.
Schuster and colleagues made the discovery by first training fish to hit targets ranging in height from 20 to 60 centimetres from a precise location. They then monitored various aspects of jet production and propagation as the fish did their thing.

Those studies showed that the time needed before water masses up at the jet tip isn't fixed. Rather, archerfish make adjustments to ensure that a nice drop of water forms just before impact.
The fish achieve this by modulating the dynamics of changes in the cross-section of their mouth opening.

The timing adjustments that archerfish must make to powerfully hit their targets over an extended range are surprisingly comparable to the "uniquely human" ability of powerful throwing, researchers said.
"One of the last strongholds of human uniqueness is our ability to powerfully throw stones or spears at distant targets," Schuster said.
"This is really an impressive capability and requires - among many fascinating aspects - precise time control of movement.
"It is believed that this ability has forced our brains to become bigger, housing many more neurons to afford the precision. With the many neurons around, they could be used for other tasks apart from applying them for powerful throws.

"It is remarkable that the same line of reasoning could also be applied to archerfish," Schuster said.
It's possible that the mechanism the fish use to control water with such precision might also find application in human-built nozzles, Schuster added, noting that adjustable jets are big business in many industries, including medicine.
The study is published in the Cell Press journal Current Biology.