His whirlwind 195 runs off 134 deliveries included 11 sixes and 18 fours and came after he lost the toss and New Zealand were made to bat on a green wicket that bore all the hallmarks of a bowler's paradise.
McCullum, who admitted he desperately wanted to win the toss to bowl first, instead destroyed the Sri Lankan attack with the bat as he stood in century partnerships with Kane Williamson and Jimmy Neesham.
As McCullum bludgeoned the bowling, he cracked the fastest century in New Zealand Test history and became the first New Zealander to score 1,000 runs in a calendar year.
He equalled the New Zealand record of 26 off one over, when he smashed three sixes and two fours off one over by Sri Lanka strike bowler Suranga Lakmal, and finished with 11 sixes, one short of the world record of 12 sixes in an innings held by Pakistan's Wasim Akram.
It was a colossal captain's knock which began with Sri Lanka skipper Angelo Mathews feeling satisfied with New Zealand at 88-3 when Ross Taylor was run out in the first over after lunch.
He had a scare on 153 when Kumar Sangakkara missed a straight-forward opportunity at long on, before he was eventually undone when he launched into off-spinner Tharindu Kaushal.
He hit a six, two and four off consecutive balls off the Test debutant before getting too far under the fourth delivery and was caught by a diving Dimuth Karunaratne at long-off.
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