The baby gorilla belonging to a critically endangered species was delivered after its mother showed symptoms of potentially life-threatening pre-eclampsia.
The 11-day-old baby, which is yet to be named, was born at Bristol Zoo weighing just over 1kg.
She needed help to breathe on her own, but staff are now "cautiously optimistic" for mother and baby, the BBC reported.
There have only been a few gorilla C-sections in the world - most recently at San Diego Safari Park in 2014.
The Western lowland gorilla - a critically endangered species - was delivered by gynaecologist Professor David Cahill who has delivered hundreds of human babies by C- section, but never a gorilla.
"Along with having my own children, this is probably one of the biggest achievements of my life and something I will certainly never forget," he said.
He was called in for his opinion after the mother, Kera, appeared ill in late pregnancy.
The zoo's vet, Rowena Killick, said they made the "hard call" to sedate Kera to find out what the problem was, as although she is trained to take paracetamol, she would not take it when she felt unwell.
The zoo said the three-hour operation was "very challenging". The baby was born with a strong heartbeat but had fluid in her lungs and was not breathing. It took two to three hours before she was breathing on her own.
"We really thought she was going to die," said Killick.
"We couldn't see any signs of life apart from the heartbeat... And then eventually, she showed signs that she was going to breathe for herself."
She spends every day in the zoo's gorilla house "within sight and smell" of her mother, although she is being cared for by keepers while Kera recovers.
"Kera is still not 100 per cent. She's still recovering, she's eating and drinking and she's started moving around a bit more normally." said Ms Killick.
She said as it was Kera's first baby, she had never held a baby before and "doesn't really know what's going on". The zoo might get another gorilla who "has shown real promise at being a mother" to foster the baby.
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