Official IRNA news agency quoted foreign ministry spokeswoman Marzieh Afkham as "vigorously condemning" the attack, which has been claimed by the Islamic State jihadist group.
"The fight against terrorist and extremist groups... Must be a priority for all countries," she said, and called on Sunni-ruled Saudi Arabia to find and punish those responsible for the attack.
Saudi Arabia said a suicide bomber detonated an explosives belt during the main weekly Friday prayers in a mosque in the city of Qatif, in the Shiite-populated Eastern Province.
Tensions between Sunni-dominated Saudi Arabia and Shiite Iran have soared following the launch in March of a Riyadh-led air campaign against Shiite Huthi rebels in Yemen.
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