The gunmen travelling in a truck stopped a microbus carrying the plainclothed policemen, including a lieutenant, in Omar Ibn Abdel Aziz street and sprayed it with bullets before fleeing from the scene, a security official said.
Four armed terrorists got out of the truck and opened fire on the police microbus, according to a statement by the Ministry of Interior.
Security forces have rushed to the place of the incident and are currently searching for the attackers, it said.
The group said "a squad of the soldiers of the caliphate" opened fire on the microbus in Helwan, killing the policemen before making off with their weapons.
The attack was retaliation for "the pure women imprisoned" in Egyptian jails, the group said in its statement.
Earlier, an Islamist group Shabab el-Mokawma el-Shabia (public resistance) had claimed responsibility for the attack.
In a statement published on its Facebook page, the group said the attack was carried out in memory of Rabaa victims (who were killed during the dispersal of the Muslim Brotherhood's Rabaa sit-in in August 2013 by police).
Egypt has witnessed several violent attacks by militants since the January 2011 revolution that toppled former president Hosni Mubarak.
Terrorists, including from dreaded Islamist State outfit, have killed hundreds of policemen and soldiers in attacks conducted mostly in the Sinai Peninsula and in and around Cairo.
The attacks targeting police and military increased after the ouster of Islamist ex-president Mohamed Morsi in 2013 by military following massive protests against his rule.
Over 700 security personnel have reportedly been killed so far.
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