Adeeb's dramatic arrest at the Maldives' main international airport followed "extensive investigations by both local and international agencies," the government said in a statement posted on the website of its high commission in New Delhi.
"The charges are extremely serious, and the government has had to act decisively," it said, without saying whether the vice president had been formally charged.
Home Minister Umar Naseer earlier posted on Twitter that Adeeb was in detention on Dhoonidhoo prison island. "Charges: high treason," he tweeted.
Maldivian police confirmed his detention was linked to an investigation into the September 28 blast aboard Yameen's speedboat, which left the leader unhurt but his wife and two others slightly injured.
Adeeb was unceremoniously escorted away by police as he disembarked from a Singapore Airlines flight, with a coastguard boat taking him to the nearby prison island of Dhoonidhoo.
Dozens of Adeeb's supporters who had arrived at the official jetty in Male to greet him were turned back by police in the tiny one-square-mile (2.5 square-kilometre) capital island.
"Security in Male has been tightened," police spokesman Abdulla Nawaz told reporters in the capital where more than a dozen people were arrested for disturbing public order.
"Police won't allow any violence in the capital city. Both police and the army will be deployed to patrol the streets of Male."
Official sources said four of the vice president's associates were arrested shortly before Adeeb's detention and were also being held on the prison island.
He had changed the Maldives' constitution to reduce the permissible age of a vice president from 35 to 30 so that Adeeb could be given the job.
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