A total of 56 officers were hurt, four requiring hospital treatment, when they were attacked with bricks, bottles and paving stones from the street yesterday night, police said.
Several cars were set on fire as about 1,200 people gathered in the city centre to protest against a march by republican Catholics, and police responded with water cannon and baton rounds.
At least two members of the public were also hurt, police said, and Michael Copeland, a Protestant politician, claimed he and his family were assaulted by police on the street.
"Those people had no intention of peaceful protest. They lack self respect and they lack dignity," he said, adding: "We saw what I can only describe as a mindless anarchy."
The city's prisons would be "bulging" once all the culprits were rounded up, he said.
Belfast is currently hosting thousands of former police and fire officers from around the globe, who are in town for the World Police And Fire Games.
Protestant loyalist protesters had tried to block part of the route of a planned republican parade marking the anniversary of the introduction by British authorities of internment without trial on August 9, 1971.
Nearly 2,000 people were held without trial under the policy, the vast majority of them republicans.
Internment lasted until 1975. It was intended to restore order in the British province, but ultimately boosted recruitment to the paramilitary Irish Republican Army.
There were also clashes on Thursday night at an anti-internment bonfire near Belfast city centre, when eight police officers were injured and eight people were arrested.
Last month the city was hit by several nights of rioting, mainly by loyalist groups, when Protestants were prevented from holding a parade through a republican area of north Belfast.
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