Governor Keshari Nath Tripathi administered 66-year-old Kumar the oath of office and secrecy at the Rajendra Mandapam at the Raj Bhawan here.
Senior BJP leader Sushil Kumar Modi was also sworn in.
The Governor has asked Kumar to prove majority on the floor of the House within two days, after the JD(U) walked out of the barely two-year-old alliance with the RJD and Congress.
Kumar quit the post last night after a fall out with the alliance partner RJD over corruption charges against Lalu Yadav and some of his family members, including son Tejashwi, who was the deputy CM in the previous dispensation.
"Whatever decision we have taken will be in the interest of Bihar and of its people. It will ensure development and justice. It will also ensure progress. This is a collective decision. I ensure that our commitment is towards the people of Bihar," Kumar told reporters after the swearing-in.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi congratulated Kumar and said he looked forward to working together for Bihar's prosperity.
Nobody from the RJD or the Congress attended the swearing-in ceremony protesting over the "denial of chance" to the RJD, the single-largest party in the state assembly, to form government.
In Delhi, Congress vice president Rahul Gandhi lashed out at Kumar accusing him of acting for "selfish political motives".
After taking oath, Sushil Modi said the development process will be back on track in the state with return of the NDA.
"The JD(U)-BJP alliance had earlier taken Bihar to new heights. At that point of time, the people of the state used to take pride in saying 'I am a Bihari'. But in the last 20 months something went wrong. But now the JD(U)-BJP alliance will again take Bihar to newer heights,"
On RJD's claims that it has the numbers, JD(U) national spokesperson K C Tyagi said, "They should stop making tall claims and if they really have the numbers, let them prove it in the floor test. We have our numbers and we will prove it."
In the 243-member Bihar Assembly, the RJD has 81 MLAs, the Congress 27 and the CPI-ML 03.
Tyagi said the decision of his party to form the Grand Alliance government in Bihar was "a mistake" and ruled out any possibility of a patch-up with the RJD.
"It was a mistake to forge an alliance with RJD. We had information that to save themselves from CBI cases, they were in touch with the union ministers in Delhi and were planning to topple the Nitish Kumar government", Tyagi said.
Former Bihar chief minister Jitan Ram Manjhi welcomed Kumar's decision to join the NDA.
"I congratulate Nitish Kumarji for his decision to join the NDA. If someone commits a mistake and has the guts to accept and rectify it, we should also welcome it and support that person," Manjhi said.
Kumar had unexpectedly resigned yesterday, but hours later joined hands with the BJP to reclaim the government in a stunning political manoeuvre that relegated his alliance partner RJD to the opposition.
Late last night, Kumar accompanied by Sushil Modi and other NDA leaders had met the Governor to stake claim to form a new coalition ministry in the state after he broke away from Grand Alliance ministry of JD(U), RJD and Congress.
Tejashwi Yadav had led a protest march to the Raj Bhawan post-midnight and had met the Governor.
He had later told reporters that the swearing-in of NDA government was a "pre-planned conspiracy.
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