New food supplement can cut cravings for pizza, cakes

Eating a powdered food supplement based on a molecule produced by bacteria in the gut reduces cravings for high-calorie foods such as chocolate, cake and pizza and thus helps avoid weight gain, a new study has found.
Scientists from Imperial College London (ICL) and the University of Glasgow in the UK asked 20 volunteers to consume a milkshake that either contained an ingredient called inulin-propionate ester or a type of fibre called inulin.
Previous studies have shown bacteria in the gut release a compound called propionate when they digest the fibre inulin, which can signal to the brain to reduce appetite.

However the inulin-propionate ester supplement releases much more propionate in the intestines than inulin alone.
After drinking the milkshakes, the participants in the current study underwent a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, where they were shown pictures of various low or high calorie foods such as salad, fish and vegetables or chocolate, cake and pizza.
Those who drank the milkshake containing inulin-propionate ester had less activity in areas of their brain linked to reward - but only when looking at the high calorie foods.

These areas, called the caudate and the nucleus accumbens, found in the centre of the brain, have previously been linked to food cravings and the motivation to want a food.

The volunteers also had to rate how appealing they found the foods. The results showed when they drank the milkshake with the inulin-propionate ester supplement they rated the high calorie foods as less appealing.
In a second study, volunteers were given a bowl of pasta with tomato sauce, and asked to eat as much as they like.
When participants drank the inulin-propionate ester, they ate 10 per cent less pasta than when they drank the milkshake that contained inulin alone.
In a previous research, scientists found that overweight volunteers who added the inulin-propionate ester supplement to their food every day, gained less weight over six months compared to volunteers who added only inulin to their meals.

"Our previous findings showed that people who ate this ingredient gained less weight - but we did not know why," said Professor Gary Frost, from the ICL.
"This study is filling in a missing bit of the jigsaw - and shows that this supplement can decrease activity in brain areas associated with food reward at the same time as reducing the amount of food they eat," Frost said.
He added that eating enough fibre to naturally produce similar amounts of propionate would be difficult.
"The amount of inulin-propionate ester used in this study was 10g - which previous studies show increases propionate production by 2.5 times," Frost said.

"To get the same increase from fibre alone, we would need to eat around 60g a day. At the moment, the UK average is 15g," he said.
"If we add this to foods it could reduce the urge to consume high calorie foods," said Claire Byrne, a PhD researcher from ICL.