New test to identify infants with rare insulin disease

A rare form of a devastating disease which causes low blood sugar levels in babies and infants may now be recognised earlier, thanks to a new test developed by researchers including one of Indian-origin.
Congenital hyperinsulinism starves a baby's brain of blood sugar and can lead to lifelong brain damage or permanent disability, according to previous research carried out by the University of Manchester team.
The condition occurs when specialised cells in the pancreas release too much insulin which causes frequent low sugar episodes - the clinical opposite of diabetes. Treatment includes drugs to reduce insulin release but in the most serious cases the pancreas is removed.

For some infants with this disease, the release of excess insulin is due to mutations in genes which govern the way our bodies control insulin release.
But for more than two thirds of child patients the genetic causes are not yet known. Genes and hormones were analysed in 13 children with congenital hyperinsulisnism at the Manchester Children's Hospital.
"We have discovered a new clinical test which can identify congenital hyperinsulinism in some patients with no known genetic cause of the disease," said Dr Karen Cosgrove from the Faculty of Life Sciences, who led the research.

"This is the first step to understanding what causes the disease in these particular patients. In future the test may influence how these children are treated medically, perhaps even avoiding the need to have their pancreas removed," said Cosgrove.

The new test measures a pair of hormones called incretins which are released by specialised cells in the gut when food is passing through.
The hormones normally tell the cells in the pancreas to release more insulin to regulate sugar levels in our blood. If the child's body releases too much incretin hormones, the pancreas will release too much insulin causing dangerous low blood sugar levels.
"Although we are the first researchers to report high incretin hormone levels in patients with congenital hyperinsulinism, further studies are needed to see if our test works on a larger group of patients," said Cosgrove.

"Our new results are timely since clinical trials of a new incretin-blocking treatment for congenital hyperinsulinism have recently started. We anticipate that our clinical test will help to identify the patients who are likely to benefit from this new treatment the most," Indi Banerjee, Consultant in Paediatric Endocrinology at Royal Manchester Children's Hospital.
The findings have been published in The Journal of Pediatrics.