"Cuba will never permit the application of so-called shock therapies, which are frequently applied to the detriment of society's most humble classes," he said in a speech opening the congress, which only happens every five years and stretches on for several days.
The meeting, the main political event in a one-party system that brooks no dissent, comes less than a month after US President Barack Obama's historic visit.
Castro defended the slow pace of change to the island's moribund economy, which has only cautiously and slowly opened up to some private entrepreneurship and foreign investment.
He again blamed Washington's more than five-decade-old embargo on the island for its economic impact on Cuba.
The United States and Cuba are slowly normalizing ties frozen still by the Cold War, even reopening embassies in each other's capitals, but the trade embargo on Cuba remains.
This one, the Seventh Congress, had raised expectations in Cuba and abroad that it could set the stage for accelerated political and economic changes following the rapprochement with longtime foe the United States.
But ahead of the meeting Cuban authorities poured cold water on those hopes, signalling that continuity would be the watchword at the four-day, close-door session involving 1,000 delegates and another 3,500 invited participants.
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