Sri Lanka were in trouble at 105 for four at the interval after captain Dinesh Chandimal elected to bat in the final Test of the series at the Sher-e-Bangla National Stadium.
Opener Kusal Mendis remained unbeaten on 64 but wickets kept tumbling at the other end.
Roshen Silva, on five, was batting alongside Mendis at the break.
Razzak, who played last of his previous 12 Tests in 2014, struck in his third over when he dragged opener Dimuth Karunaratne, on three, out of his crease for a stumping by wicketkeeper Liton Das.
Mendis brought up his fifty in 81 balls with a six off Taijul but Razzak rocked Sri Lanka with two wickets in two balls wickets.
Mushfiqur Rahim took a brilliant reflex catch at mid-off to send back Danushka Gunathilaka for 13 before Razzak spun the next ball sharply to bowl Chandimal first ball.
Bangladesh made two changes in their squad from the first Test, bringing in Razzak and Sabbir for Sunzamul Islam and Mosaddek Hossain.
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