Scientists encode, replay movie encoded in bacterial DNA

For the first time, Harvard scientists have encoded and played back a primitive movie in the DNA of living bacterial cells, an advance that may lead to "molecular recorders" which will help observe brain cells in real time.
"We want to turn cells into historians," said Seth Shipman, a post-doctoral fellow at Harvard Medical School in the US.
"We envision a biological memory system that's much smaller and more versatile than today's technologies, which will track many events non-intrusively over time," said Shipman.
The ability to record such sequential events like a movie at the molecular level is key to the idea of reinventing the very concept of recording using molecular engineering, researchers said.

In this scheme, cells themselves could be induced to record molecular events - such as changes in gene expression over time - in their own genomes.
Then the information could be retrieved simply by sequencing the genomes of the cells it is stored in.

"If we had those transcriptional steps, we could potentially use them like a recipe to engineer similar cells," said Shipman.
"These could be used to model disease - or even in therapies," he said.
For starters, the researchers had to show that DNA can be used to encode not just genetic information, but any arbitrary sequential information into a genome.

For this they turned to the gene editing technology CRISPR. Researchers showed that they could encode and retrieve an image of the human hand in DNA inserted into bacteria.
They then similarly encoded and reconstructed frames from a classic 1870s race horse in motion sequence of photos - an early forerunner of moving pictures.
The researchers had previously shown that they could use CRISPR to store sequences of DNA in bacteria.
CRISPR is a group of proteins and DNA that act as an immune system in some bacteria, vaccinating them with genetic memories of viral infections.
When a virus infects a bacterium, CRISPR cuts out part of the foreign DNA and stores it in the bacteria's own genome.

The bacterium then uses the stored DNA to recognise the virus and defend against future attacks.
The researchers then similarly translated five frames from the race horse in motion photo sequence into DNA.
Over the course of five days, they sequentially treated bacteria with a frame of translated DNA.
Afterwards, they were able to reconstruct the movie with 90 per cent accuracy by sequencing the bacterial DNA.
Although this technology could be used in a variety of ways, the researchers ultimately hope to use it to study the brain.
"We want to use neurons to record a molecular history of the brain through development," said Shipman.

"Such a molecular recorder will allow us to eventually collect data from every cell in the brain at once, without the need to gain access, to observe the cells directly, or disrupt the system to extract genetic material or proteins," he said.
The study was published in the journal Nature.