Scientists solve riddle of zebra stripes

The striking black and white stripes that adorn zebras are designed to ward off blood-sucking flies, a new study has found, solving the mystery that has intrigued scientists for centuries.
A research team led by the University of California, Davis, examined why zebras have black and white stripes systematically.
The scientists found that biting flies, including horseflies and tsetse flies, are the evolutionary driver for zebra stripes.
Experimental work had previously shown that such flies tend to avoid black-and-white striped surfaces, but many hypotheses for zebra stripes have been proposed since Alfred Russel Wallace and Charles Darwin debated the problem 120 years ago.

The team mapped the geographic distributions of the seven different species of zebras, horses and asses, and of their subspecies, noting the thickness, locations, and intensity of their stripes on several parts of their bodies.
They then compared the animals' geographic ranges with different variables, including woodland areas, ranges of large predators, temperature, and the geographic distribution of glossinid (tsetse flies) and tabanid (horseflies) biting flies.

They also examined where the striped animals and these variables overlapped.
After analysing the five hypotheses, the scientists ruled out all but one: avoiding blood-sucking flies.
"I was amazed by our results," said lead author Tim Caro, a UC Davis professor of wildlife biology.

"Again and again, there was greater striping on areas of the body in those parts of the world where there was more annoyance from biting flies," said Caro.
While the distribution of tsetse flies in Africa is well known, the researchers did not have maps of tabanids (horseflies, deer flies).
Instead, they mapped locations of the best breeding conditions for tabanids, creating an environmental proxy for their distributions.
They found that striping is highly associated with several consecutive months of ideal conditions for tabanid reproduction.
The study also found that, unlike other African hooved mammals living in the same areas as zebras, zebra hair is shorter than the mouthpart length of biting flies, so zebras may be particularly susceptible to annoyance by biting flies.

This may explain why zebras evolve to have stripes whereas other hooved mammals did not, researchers said.
The study was published in the journal Nature Communications.