Khalafalla Al-Afif, Midhat Hamdan and Mustafa Adam were arrested on May 23 last year after security agents raided their office in Khartoum.
The three men worked for the Centre for Training and Human Development (TRACKS), a group providing training in human rights issues.
At a packed hearing attended by Western diplomats and many other rights activists, a judge found the three guilty and gave them each a one-year prison term, an AFP correspondent reported.
"Mustafa Adam was found guilty of spying," he said, adding that each activist was also fined 50,000 Sudanese pounds (about USD 7,460 [7,020 euros] at the official rate).
However, all three are expected to be freed soon as they have already been in custody for nearly nine months, which under the prison calendar is equivalent to a year.
Adeeb said the defence team will still appeal against today's verdict.
During last year's raid on the group, security agents arrested a total of eight activists, but five were later released.
The three "have become tragic symbols of the challenges faced by civil society in Sudan," said Alice Mogwe of the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) in a statement released ahead of Sunday's sentencing.
"The future of Sudan's civil society is at stake and there are reasons to express deep concerns."
The FIDH said that throughout their trial the three were never presented with any evidence proving their guilt on the charges filed against them.
Global rights groups have regularly accused Sudan's powerful National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) of detaining human rights workers and opposition politicians.
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