Ban described reports of the incident near Damascus on Wednesday as "very alarming and shocking" and urged the regime to allow a United Nations inspection team, already on the ground in Syria, to begin a probe without delay.
Footage distributed by activists showing unconscious children, people foaming around the mouth and doctors apparently administering oxygen to help them breathe has triggered revulsion around the world.
"Any use of chemical weapons anywhere, by anybody, under any circumstances, would violate international law," Ban said.
"Such a crime against humanity should result in serious consequences for the perpetrator."
"This is a grave challenge to the entire international community -- and to our common humanity," he said.
"There is no time to waste," Ban said, adding that he had instructed his envoy for disarmament affairs, Angela Kane, to travel to Damascus immediately.
The United States said it has yet to "conclusively determine" such weapons were used. President Barack Obama has ordered US spy agencies to urgently probe the claims, aides said.
Damascus denied it unleashed chemical weapons, particularly at a time when the UN was in Syria to inspect three sites where other such attacks allegedly took place.
It would be "political suicide" to go ahead with such an attack, said a senior security source.
Syrian activist Abu Ahmad, speaking to AFP over the Internet from Moadamiyet al-Sham, which reportedly bore the brunt of the alleged attack, said he helped bury dozens of civilians whose bodies were "pale blue", and who died of "suffocation".
The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, which has a network of activists and medics on the ground, said air strikes and bombardments had been launched across Damascus province while fighting raged in the southwest of the capital.
Videos posted online by activists of the alleged chemical attacks have provoked shock and condemnation around the globe.