Neither Israel nor the Palestinians are attending the conference, which Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has dismissed as "futile".
France called the gathering to reaffirm global support for a two-state solution to the seven-decade-old conflict, seen as increasingly reclusive.
The Palestinians have warned that Trump's campaign pledge to move the US embassy to the contested city of Jerusalem could torpedo their chances of obtaining an independent state.
French Foreign Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault warned such a move would have "extremely serious consequences" and predicted the incoming US leader would find it impossible to implement.
The Palestinians regard Israeli-annexed east Jerusalem as the capital of their future state, while Israel proclaims the entire city as its capital.
The status of the city is one of the thorniest issues in the conflict.
President Francois Hollande told the gathering that the prospect of two independent states coexisting side-by-side was "not the dream of yesterday's system".
"It remains the goal of the entire international community for the future," Hollande said.
Today, he called it a "futile" exercise aimed at "imposing upon Israel conditions that are incompatible with our national needs".
Both Netanyahu and Palestinian president Mahmud Abbas have been invited to meet with Hollande to discuss the conclusions of the Paris talks.
Abbas is expected to travel to Paris in the coming weeks but Netanyahu has rejected the offer, French diplomats said.
The conference is mainly symbolic, but comes at a crucial juncture for the Middle East, five days before Trump is sworn in as US president.
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