This summer's fighting season has seen Taliban forces advance in several provinces, exploiting a political deadlock in Kabul over disputed presidential election results.
The latest series of attacks have focused on Ajristan district in the eastern province of Ghazni, after offensives in recent months in Kandahar, Helmand and Logar provinces.
"The militants beheaded 12 civilians in four villages," Mohammad Ali Ahmadi, deputy governor of Ghazni, told AFP.
"Heavy fighting has involved hundreds of Taliban against the security forces."
"At the moment, the condition is very critical in this district. We have been informed by the central government that they have sent reinforcements."
Ahmadi said Ajristan was at severe risk of falling into Taliban control, adding that 60 to 70 homes had been burnt down and that communication with security forces in the district was scarce.
Asadullah Ensafi, deputy police chief of Ghazni, confirmed details on the offensive and said fierce fighting was ongoing today.
The 350,000-strong Afghan security forces have been trained from scratch since 2001 by the US-led NATO coalition, which is now winding down its war in Afghanistan.
All NATO combat operations will finish by the end of this year, with about 12,000 troops staying on into next year on a follow-up training and support mission.
The election deadlock since June was finally broken on Sunday when a "unity government" deal was agreed, with Ashraf Ghani serving as the next president and his rival Abdullah Abdullah taking up the new role of chief executive.
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