Governor Tathagata Roy administered the oath of office to Vaiphei at a simple ceremony at the Raj Bhavan.
Chief Minister Manik Sarkar, his cabinet colleagues, leaders of different political parties and officials were present at the swearing-in.
Justice Vaiphei, 60, who started his law practice in Manipur in 1980, replaced Deepak Kumar Gupta, who was transferred as the chief justice of the Chhattisgarh High Court.