Warm nights could flood atmosphere with carbon: study

Hotter nights may wield much greater influence than previously thought over the planet's atmosphere as global temperatures rise - and could eventually lead to more carbon flooding the atmosphere, scientists say.
Since measurements began in 1959, nighttime temperatures in the tropics have had a strong influence over year-to-year shifts in the land's carbon-storage capacity, or "sink," the researchers said.
Earth's ecosystems absorb about a quarter of carbon from the atmosphere, and tropical forests account for about one-third of land-based plant productivity.
During the past 50 years, the land-based carbon sink's "interannual variability" has grown by 50 to 100 per cent, the study led by Princeton University researchers found.

The researchers used climate- and satellite-imaging data to determine which of various climate factors - including rainfall, drought and daytime temperatures - had the most effect on the carbon sink's swings.
They found the strongest association with variations in tropical nighttime temperatures, which have risen by about 0.6 degrees Celsius since 1959.

First author William Anderegg, from the Princeton Environmental Institute, and his colleagues determined that warm nighttime temperatures lead plants to put more carbon into the atmosphere through a process known as respiration.
Just as warm nights make people more active, so too does it for plants. Although plants take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, they also internally consume sugars to stay alive.

That process, known as respiration, produces carbon dioxide, which plants step up in warm weather, Anderegg said.
Researchers found that yearly variations in the carbon sink strongly correlated with variations in plant respiration.
"When you heat up a system, biological processes tend to increase," Anderegg said.
"At hotter temperatures, plant respiration rates go up and this is what's happening during hot nights. Plants lose a lot more carbon than they would during cooler nights," he said.
Previous research has shown that nighttime temperatures have risen significantly faster as a result of climate change than daytime temperatures, Anderegg said.
This means that in future climate scenarios respiration rates could increase to the point that the land is putting more carbon into the atmosphere than it's taking out of it, "which would be disastrous," he said.

Of course, plants consume carbon dioxide as a part of photosynthesis, during which they convert sunlight into energy.
While photosynthesis also is sensitive to rises in temperature, it only happens during the day, whereas respiration occurs at all hours and thus is more sensitive to nighttime warming, Anderegg added.
The research was published in the journal PNAS.