Xenon gas may help treat stress disorder

Xenon gas, used in people for anaesthesia, may help treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other conditions linked to fear and anxiety, a new study suggests.
"In our study, we found that xenon gas has the capability of reducing memories of traumatic events," said Edward G Meloni, assistant psychologist at McLean Hospital and an assistant professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School.
"It's an exciting breakthrough, as this has the potential to be a new treatment for individuals suffering from PTSD," said Meloni.
In the study, Meloni and Marc J Kaufman, director of the McLean Hospital Translational Imaging Laboratory, examined whether a low concentration of xenon gas could interfere with a process called reconsolidation - a state in which reactivated memories become susceptible to modification.

"We know from previous research that each time an emotional memory is recalled, the brain actually restores it as if it were a new memory. With this knowledge, we decided to see whether we could alter the process by introducing xenon gas immediately after a fear memory was reactivated," said Meloni.
The investigators used an animal model of PTSD called fear-conditioning to train rats to be afraid of environmental cues that were paired with brief footshocks.

Reactivating the fearful memory was done by exposing the rats to those same cues and measuring their freezing response as a readout of fear.

"We found that a single exposure to the gas, which is known to block NMDA receptors involved in memory formation in the brain, dramatically and persistently reduced fear responses for up to 2 weeks. It was as though the animals no longer remembered to be afraid of those cues," said Meloni.
Meloni points out that the inherent properties of a gas such as xenon make it especially attractive for targeting dynamic processes such as memory reconsolidation.
"Unlike other drugs or medications that may also block NMDA receptors involved in memory, xenon gets in and out of the brain very quickly.

"This suggests that xenon could be given at the exact time the memory is reactivated, and for a limited amount of time, which may be key features for any potential therapy used in humans," Meloni said.
"The fact that we were able to inhibit remembering of a traumatic memory with xenon is very promising because it is currently used in humans for other purposes, and thus it could be repurposed to treat PTSD," added Kaufman.
The study was published in the journal PLOS ONE.