US inflation cools to 2.8% in Feb, offering some reprieve ahead of tariffs

By Augusta Saraiva 

US consumer prices rose at the slowest pace in four months in February, offering some reprieve ahead of tariffs that are expected to drive costs higher. 

The consumer price index increased 0.2 per cent after a sharp 0.5 per cent advance in January, according to Bureau of Labor Statistics data out Wednesday. Excluding often volatile food and energy categories, the so-called core measure rose 0.2 per cent as well. 

The BLS said nearly half of the advance in the overall measure was due to shelter, but it still decelerated from the prior month. 

Airfares fell 4 per cent, the most since June, as several carriers warn of weaker demand ahead. Prices of new cars and gasoline also declined. Grocery prices were little changed after a big increase in January, while car and health insurance costs rose at a more moderate pace. 

While Wednesday’s report offers some relief, several measures still indicate that inflation is rearing back up again. And with President Donald Trump rolling out a series of tariffs, prices are expected to rise on a variety of goods from food to clothing, testing the resilience of consumers and the broader economy. 

In an address to Congress last week, Trump described the higher prices that tariffs are expected to cause as “a little disturbance” the nation ought to be able to overcome. However, the uncertainty around his trade policy has led to a recent meltdown in stock markets and reignited recession fears. Trump sought to downplay those concerns on Tuesday. 

The Federal Reserve is patiently sitting in wait-and-see mode until there’s more clarity on the administration’s actions and the inflation trajectory, with officials widely expected to keep rates steady at next week’s meeting. At the same time, growing calls for a downturn have fueled speculation that policymakers may cut rates sooner than previously thought. 

“The combination of easing inflationary pressures and rising downside risks to growth suggest that the Fed is moving closer to continuing its easing cycle,” Kay Haigh, global co-head of fixed income and liquidity solutions in Goldman Sachs Asset Management, said in a note. 

US stock futures, Treasury yields and the dollar moved higher after the report. 

Some economists had been looking to this report for a first glance at the impact of Trump’s tariffs — which started with levies on all Chinese products last month and has since expanded to certain items from Mexico and Canada — on consumer prices.  However, prices of core goods rose only 0.2 per cent, and categories like furnishings, toys and televisions were also tame. 

Shelter prices, the largest category within services, climbed 0.3 per cent after 0.4 per cent in January. Owners’ equivalent rent and rent of primary residence — subsets of shelter — rose by a similar amount. 

Excluding housing and energy, services prices advanced 0.2 per cent after rising by the most in a year in the prior month, according to Bloomberg calculations. While central bankers have stressed the importance of looking at such a metric when assessing the overall inflation trajectory, they compute it based on a separate index. 

That measure — known as the personal consumption expenditures price index — doesn’t put as much weight on shelter as the CPI, which helps explain why it’s trending closer to the Fed’s 2 per cent target. A government report on producer prices due Thursday will offer insights on additional categories that feed directly into the PCE, which is due later this month. 

One of the components from CPI that plays a big role in the core PCE price basket is food away from home, which rose at the fastest pace since June.

 

Policymakers also pay close attention to wage growth, as it can help inform expectations for consumer spending — the main engine of the economy. A separate report Wednesday that combines the inflation figures with recent wage data showed real hourly earnings were up 1.2 per cent from the year before, the most in three months. 

Fed officials are also attuned to inflation expectations — particularly over the longer term — which can often influence wages and prices. Consumers surveyed by the University of Michigan in February expected prices over the next five to 10 years to rise at the fastest rate since 1995, while a poll by the New York Fed showed the outlook for inflation three and five years out was stable last month.