Geopolitics: It’s now a discussion within the boardroom rather than a conversation in a post-meeting soiree. Companies face intensifying geopolitical headwinds, from disrupting supply chains to market access and tariffs. Concentration risks in critical inputs, dual sourcing, where the competition is friend-shoring to allies (e.g., Vietnam, Mexico). Boards must stress-test “what breaks first” in the event of tariffs or sanctions, review single-source dependencies and logistics chokepoints, and ensure resilience without compromising capital-expenditure efficiency.
Strategy, capital, and regulatory overhang: Strategy discussions should be viewed through the prism of India’s $5 trillion-economy ambition, regulatory tightening, and global macro volatility. Boards need to constantly review growth plans against a backdrop of shifting trade regimes that impact supply chains, industrial policy (production-linked incentives, localisation) and sector-specific regulations.
Regulatory pressures have shifted from episodic to continuous. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi), through its evolving Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements regime, nudges companies towards enhanced disclosures on related-party transactions, fund-raising, and the use of proceeds. With heightened investor scrutiny on leverage, off-balance sheet structures, and promoter pledging, risk and audit committees must now rigorously test whether capital structures can withstand interest rate shocks and liquidity disruptions. Boards need to grapple with informed institutional investors who now demand that they grasp not just “what is legal,” but “what preserves shareholder trust”.
AI, cyber, and data governance: Artificial intelligence (AI) is no longer a “technology topic”; it has become a board-level strategic and risk issue in India, just as it has globally. Boards will be expected to examine how AI is reshaping business models — across credit and underwriting, fraud detection, customer journeys, logistics, and internal controls — and to satisfy themselves that robust governance guardrails exist around model risk, bias, explainability, and accountability.
India-specific nuances will increasingly shape board agendas. Data localisation requirements, implementing the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, and sectoral data rules will force boards to treat data governance as a core fiduciary responsibility rather than a back-office concern. Cyber resilience will also draw sharper scrutiny. For example, the Reserve Bank of India’s guidelines for banks already require clearer demarcation of board and management responsibilities for IT and cyber risk, and similar expectations are likely to extend to non-banking financial companies, market infrastructure institutions, and eventually all listed companies.
Boards will assess whether they have access to credible technology, cyber, or AI expertise and how AI is being deployed within the organisation for surveillance, underwriting, HR, and compliance, or to create a new revenue stream. These are precisely the areas where algorithmic bias, data misuse, and opacity can quickly escalate into material regulatory and reputational risks if not actively overseen at the board level.
ESG, BRSR Core, and sustainability: There was a time when sustainability was a corporate social responsibility (CSR)-adjacent discussion; it now sits at the intersection of risk management, access to capital, and long-term strategy. This shift is driven as much by Sebi’s Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting (BRSR) and BRSR Core frameworks as it is by funds integrating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations into their investment decisions. The expectation today is that sustainability reporting will increasingly mirror financial reporting.
Three strands will be in focus. First, reporting and assurance, and the board’s oversight in ensuring data integrity. Second, transition and physical climate risks. Sectors such as energy, heavy industry, autos, real estate, and finance must explicitly link climate and environmental risks to strategy and risk management. Third, social and governance issues, driven by reputational and ethical considerations.
Board independence and effectiveness: Since 2018, Sebi’s approach to corporate governance has steadily evolved from a box-ticking focus on numerical compliance — such as the presence of women directors — towards a definition of independence. It is now pivoting to a sharper emphasis on the quality of independence and board processes, as articulated by Tuhin Kanta Pandey, Sebi’s current chair (
https://tinyurl.com/3s2hfzev). Boards will face greater pressure to demonstrate credible succession planning for CEOs, key executives, and committee chairs, and to add capabilities in areas such as technology, digital finance, ESG, and global markets. At the same time, investors will scrutinise independence, including promoter influence (seen in RBI actions on banks;
https://www.iiasadvisory.com/institutional-eye/it-s-a-small-world).
Shareholder engagement: India’s promoter-heavy ownership structure, combined with rising institutional and retail participation, is reshaping shareholder engagement. Boards will need to treat engagement as a continuous, structured process rather than an annual general meeting ritual. Executive pay will face sharper scrutiny as remuneration levels rise, with investors questioning the alignment of metrics, with performance, ESG goals and long-term value. Related-party transactions and complex group structures will remain flashpoints, requiring audit committees and independent directors to question management and call for greater disclosure discipline. At the same time, engagement will intensify through foreign portfolio investors, domestic stewardship obligations, and increasingly vocal retail shareholders, empowered by digital voting and proxy research.
Overseeing how regulations affect strategies and processes in an uncertain environment, amidst sharper scrutiny from institutional and retail investors, will shape the priorities for the year ahead.
The author is with Institutional Investor Advisory Services India Ltd, a proxy advisory firm.
The views are personal. X: @AmitTandon_In
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