The measure, which would allow insurance companies to renew and sell inexpensive, limited-coverage policies that have been cancelled because they don't meet the standards of the new healthcare law that took effect on October 1, passed 261-157.
The 39 Democrats who supported the Bill - nearly one-fifth of the party's caucus - reflected the alarm that spread within Obama's party this week over the political damage from the botched rollout of the Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare.
Republicans have vowed to make Democratic support for the troubled law the top issue in the 2014 elections. Twenty-nine of the 39 Democrats who voted for the Republican Bill are running for re-election in competitive races, according to rankings by the nonpartisan Cook Political Report.
Obama's approval ratings have plunged during the past six weeks, as the rollout of the healthcare programme that is his top domestic achievement has been beset by technical glitches with the federal online insurance website designed to allow consumers to shop for policies.
In recent days, HealthCare.gov's problems have been overshadowed by reports that insurance companies were cancelling the policies of millions of Americans whose policies did not meet the new law's requirements that policies cover emergency treatment, hospital stays and prescription drugs, among other things.
For years, Obama had promised that Americans would be able to keep their policies if they liked them.
But the wave of cancellations has fuelled the biggest political crisis of Obama's presidency and led to an extraordinary scene at the White House on Thursday, as a contrite Obama took the blame for the healthcare programme's dismal start.
He said he believed that he had to win back the confidence of the American people, and offered an administrative "fix" that would allow some people to retain their non-conforming insurance policies for at least a year.
Obama's plan dismayed some of his supporters who say that the cheap, limited-coverage plans that the new law aims to phase out often give consumers a false sense of having meaningful health coverage.
It also created concern in the insurance industry - which for years had planned the health insurance exchanges created by Obamacare - and among state insurance commissioners.
Industry advocates warned that Obama effectively was tinkering with the delicate and complex funding behind the healthcare law, and that premiums could begin soaring in 2015 if millions of consumers who were projected to be in Obamacare's health exchanges continued to hold limited-coverage policies instead.
Obama met with health insurance chief executives at the White House on Friday to discuss his proposal's potential impact on the insurance market.
"What we're going to be doing is brainstorming on how do we make sure that everybody understands what their options are," Obama told reporters in a brief photo opportunity as the meeting began. "We're going to be soliciting ideas from them."
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