Fighting inflammation, pain the 'green' way

A new research has found that two specific plant-derived compounds may be effective for fighting inflammation and pain.

Diterpenoids are found in certain plants, fungi, and marine organisms, and two in particular, carnosol (CS) and carnosic acid (CA), are known to interfere with multiple pathways in the human body associated with inflammation and pain.

A team led by Giuseppe Bifulco of the University of Salerno in Italy and Andreas Koeberle of the Friedrich Schiller University Jena in Germany, has investigated the effects of these natural products in their pure form in inflammatory pain through research involving human cells and mice.

The researchers found that the diterpenoids inhibited two enzymes involved in inflammation, fever, and pain. Overexpression of one of these enzymes has been observed in several inflammatory disorders as well as in many human tumors; the second enzyme is also a major player in inflammation and other immune-related processes in the body.

"We have demonstrated that 5-LO and mPGES-1, two key enzymes of inflammation, are primary targets of CS and CA, which are major bioactive ingredients of herbs that are used as spices, namely sage and rosemary, and in traditional medicine," said Bifulco.

Bifulco added, "Our study provides comprehensive insights into their anti-inflammatory mechanism. Understanding both the molecular basis and pharmacological relevance of natural products is essential to fully exploit the power of nature for human health."

The investigators noted that dual inhibitors of 5-LO and mPGES-1 are considered potential alternatives to classical anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs that have well-documented side effects. Recently, the mPGES-1 inhibitor GRC 27864 (Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd.) entered the first phase of clinical development.

"The discovery of new dual 5-LO/mPGES-1 inhibitors, like CS and CA, represents a valid strategy for the treatment of inflammatory and cancer diseases and further justifies the use of sage and rosemary in traditional medicine," said Koeberle.

He added, "It is important that these natural products are tested in different experimental inflammation and cancer animal models as well as in imaging studies to obtain a complete comprehension of the molecular basis behind their observed biological activity."

The findings are published in the British Journal of Pharmacology.