Decoded: How preterm birth may impact language skills

Altered development of a part of brain region essential to hearing and understanding sound in preterm infants is associated with poorer language skills in early childhood, a study has found.

The neural machinery that supports hearing is typically functional by 15 weeks before birth, making babies sensitive to speech and language while they are still in the womb.

However, the developmental disturbances to auditory cortex may underlie speech and language impairments at age 2, the researchers from the University of Illinois said.

The team focussed on the primary auditory cortex -- which is the first cortical region to receive auditory signals from the ears via other parts of the brain -- and the nonprimary auditory cortex -- which plays a more sophisticated role in processing those stimuli.

The analysis revealed that the primary auditory cortex matures earlier but more slowly than the nonprimary auditory cortex, which changes rapidly in the last 10 weeks of the typical gestation period.

Developmental differences in the nonprimary auditory cortex of preterm infants were associated with reduced expressive language ability, such as gesturing and vocabulary, in a follow-up assessment at two years of age.

"We have a pretty limited understanding of how the auditory brain develops in preterm infants," said lead author Brian Monson, Professor at the varsity.

"We know from previous research on full-term newborns that not only are foetuses hearing, but they're also listening and learning," Monson added.

For the study, reported in the journal eNeuro, the team examined 90 premature infants born prior to 30 weeks gestation, and 15 full-term babies.

The team used diffusion neuroimaging to study development of the auditory cortex in the infants' brains.

"This technique measures the diffusion of water in the brain tissues, which can tell you a lot about the development of neurons and axons," Monson said.

"It's exciting to me that we may be able to use this technique to help predict later language ability in infants who are born preterm," Monson noted.

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