Tooth enamel came from human skin

Ever wondered how and where in the body did the tooth enamel first appear? This tissue originated in the skin, new research suggests.

Researchers from Uppsala University in Sweden and the Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology (IVPP) in China combined data from palaeontology and genomics to arrive at the answer.

Tooth enamel is the hardest substance produced by our body, composed almost entirely of the mineral apatite (calcium phosphate) deposited on a substrate of three unique enamel matrix proteins.

Like other land vertebrates we only have teeth in the mouth, but certain fishes such as sharks also have "dermal denticles" -- little tooth-like scales -- on the outer surface of the body.

In many fossil bony fishes, and a few archaic living ones such as the gar (Lepisosteus) from North America, the scales are covered with an enamel-like tissue called "ganoine".

"It seems that enamel originated in the skin, and only colonised the teeth at a later point," said Per Ahlberg, professor of evolutionary organismal biology at Uppsala University.

Researchers investigated the genome of Lepisosteus and found that it contains genes for two of our three enamel matrix proteins -- the first to be identified from a ray-finned bony fish.

Furthermore, these genes are expressed in the skin, strongly suggesting that ganoine is a form of enamel.

But where did enamel originate -- in the mouth, in the skin?

The answer is provided by two fossil fish species -- Psarolepis from China and Andreolepis from Sweden -- which are both more than 400 million years old.

In Psarolepis the scales and the denticles of the face are covered with enamel, but there is no enamel on the teeth. In Andreolepis only the scales carry enamel.

"Psarolepis and Andreolepis are among the earliest bony fishes, so we believe that their lack of tooth enamel is primitive and not a specialisation," Ahlberg explained.

The study appeared in the journal Nature.