Budget 2018 is populist in at least two ways, and we're loving it

Budget 2018 is populist in at least two of its major measures. It promised returns of 50 per cent on production of agricultural crops and a health insurance policy that is touted as bigger than Obamacare. The bombast has worked on the electorate.

The consumer sentiments index went up by 3.8 per cent on February 1, the budget day, when the announcements were made. Note that the 50 per cent mark-up on the cost of crop production was announced early in the budget speech -- well before noon -- and so, the impact of this was felt during the course of the day.

We surveyed and got responses from 975 households on budget day. Of these, 351 responses were from rural regions and the remaining 624 were from towns. These results were compared with responses from the survey of January 31, which got responses from 649 households.

The responses were sharply divergent between rural and urban regions. The consumer sentiment index in rural India shot up by 8.7 per cent on budget day. And, on the same day, the consumer sentiment index for urban India fell by 4.8 per cent compared to the index of the previous day.

The Union Budget therefore seems to have elicited a starkly opposite view from rural India compared to urbanites. Rural India has a quick understanding of the meaning of a 50 per cent return on cost of production. Different people possibly have different interpretations of cost of production. But to each, the meaning of a 50 per cent return on their understanding of cost of production is music to their ears. So, respondents unhesitatingly gave a thumbs-up. Experts can keep figuring out whether this is A2 plus FL (operational cost including cost of family labour) or whether it also includes fixed costs and so on and so forth.

Farmers' demand of a 50 per cent return on cost of production had turned into a political movement. This was one of the recommendations of the MS Swaminathan committee and most farmer organisations had made this one a rallying points in their various agitations. Their political pressure seemed to have had sufficient impact for the government to make a dramatic announcement.

Urbanites did not bite the bait of Modicare or re-introduction of standard deduction or lower direct taxes on small and medium-sized companies. Nobody likes to anticipate a hospitalisation and so cannot tangibly connect favourably with the proposition.

By the end of the budget week, sentiments had sobered a bit. The consumer sentiment index was 0.6 per cent higher in the week ended February 4 compared to its level in the preceding week that ended on January 28. The rural index was up 3.5 per cent while the urban index was down 3.4 per cent. The sharp divergence in rural and urban sentiments remained intact but the degree of the divergence narrowed somewhat.

Last week's divergence apart, rural and urban sentiments have diverged substantially over the past two years. The consumer sentiment index (base 100 during September-December 2015) for rural India was 97.5 in January 2018. The same was much lower at 91.0 for urban India. Farmers' lobbies have managed to get governments to waive loans, give higher prices for farm produce and implicitly make promises to the various farm organisations. All these give-aways, promises and now an entitlement from the finance minister have helped keep rural consumer sentiments buoyant. The announcement in budget 2018 seems to deliver on the several promises made to the farm lobby in the recent past.

Urban India does not have a corresponding lobbying power to extract similar largesse. Nobody demanded Modicare and apparently, nobody cares. 

On jobs, the optics were not about providing jobs but about the success of the government's policies towards creating formal jobs. 

The government has a narrative -- that an estimated 7 million jobs are believed to be created in the formal sector during this financial year. Budget 2018 continued to pursue this narrative. The finance minister took the narrative further and went on to claim and that this is a reflection of the success of government's programs to generate formal jobs.

Budget documents reveal that the central government employed 3.54 million people in 2016-17. It added 44,397 jobs to its stock of 3.49 million jobs of 2015-16. Central government jobs were declining for a long time. But, recently there has been some increase. The average increase in employment during Modi sarkar times has been just about 70,000 per annum. This is small but, it is much better than any time in the past 17 years.

 

Every Tuesday, Business Standard brings you CMIE’s Consumer Sentiments Index and Unemployment Rate, the only weekly estimates of such data. The sample size is bigger than that surveyed by the National Sample Survey Organisation. To read earlier reports on the weekly numbers, click on the dates:

November 21, November 28, December 4, December 11, December 18, December 25, January 1, January 8, January 15 , January 22, January 29, February 4 , February 12, February 19, February 27, March 5, March 13, March 19, March 26, April 02, April 10, April 17, April 23, May 1, May 8, May 15, May 21, May 28, June 4, June 11, June 18, June 25, July 2, July 10, July 16, July 23, July 30, August 7, August 14, August 21, August 27, September 3, September 10, September 17, September 24, October 1, October 8, October 15, October 22, October 29, November 5, November 12, November 19, November 26, December 5, December 11, December, 17, December 25, January 2, January 7, January 14, January 21, January 29

Methodology

Consumer sentiment indices and unemployment rate are generated from CMIE's Consumer Pyramids survey machinery. The weekly estimates are based on a sample size of about 6,500 households and about 17,000 individuals who are more than 14 years of age. The sample changes every week but repeats after 16 weeks with a scheduled replenishment and enhancement every year. The overall sample size run over a wave of 16 weeks is 158,624 households. The sample design is of multi-stratrification to select primary sampling units and simple random selection of the ultimate sampling units, which are the households.

The Consumer Sentiment index is based on responses to five questions on the lines of the Surveys of Consumers conducted by University of Michigan in the US. The five questions seek a household's views on its well-being compared to a year earlier, its expectation of its well-being a year later, its view regarding the economic conditions in the coming one year, its view regarding the general trend of the economy over the next five years, and finally its view whether this is a good time to buy consumer durables.

The unemployment rate is computed on a current daily basis. A person is considered unemployed if she states that she is unemployed, is willing to work and is actively looking for a job. Labour force is the sum of all unemployed and employed persons above the age of 14 years. The unemployment rate is the ratio of the unemployed to the total labour force.

All estimations are made using Thomas Lumley's R package, survey. For full details on methodology, please visit CMIE India Unemployment data and CMIE India Consumer Sentiment.

The creation of these indices and their public dissemination is supported by BSE. University of Michigan is a partner in the creation of the consumer sentiment indices.