The Vatican said it hoped the initiative launched by Francis, which will include Christian, Jewish and Muslim prayers and music, would have an impact on public opinion but stressed it would be a purely spiritual event.
Israeli President Shimon Peres and Palestinian President Mahmud Abbas will arrive separately to be greeted by Francis at the Vatican's St Martha Residence, where he lives.
They will be joined by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Bartholomew I, a spiritual leader of the Orthodox Christian world who is close to Francis.
The prayers from each of the three delegations will focus on three themes: "creation", "invocation for forgiveness" and "invocation for peace", the Vatican said.
Tensions between Israel and the Palestinians have flared up recently over the formation of a Hamas-backed Palestinian unity government and Israel's plans for 1,500 new homes in Jewish settlements in East Jerusalem and the West Bank.
"This is a pause from politics," said Father Pierbattista Pizzaballa, who is organising the event and heads up the Franciscan order in the Middle East.
"This will not be an inter-religious prayer. We are not holding a joint prayer, we are meeting to pray," he said.
