The migrants, 24 of whom were from Sierra Leone and the rest from Ghana, said they had not been paid "a penny" since boarding the China-flagged vessel seven months ago.
They were initially divided up between three fishing boats but, upon reaching Uruguay's territorial waters, they were transferred to a single vessel docked in Montevideo on Sunday and were taken to a hotel.
The name of the vessel has not yet been disclosed.
"It's a case of forced labor," Isabel Camarano, a lawyer with Uruguay's fishermen's union, told reporters.
Camarano said the men, who were taken from port to port as forced labor, were also abused. Doctors have confirmed that they have wounds and scars consistent with having been beaten, according to Camarano.
Local news reports said that the men had signed on as contract labor to work on the ship, but that the ship's captain confiscated their passports and the crew held them captive. Most had embarked in Sierra Leone.
Stanley Elisami said he and the other migrants blamed the owner of the vessel for keeping him on board against his will.
"The captain said that no one who gets sick would be allowed to sleep on this ship. Even if you're sick, you have to work," Elisami told reporters.
He said the men were given small rations of rice to eat just once per day and had to resort to drinking ocean water, while "the Chinese drank fresh water."
They have been referred to two Uruguayan hospitals for treatment.
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