The Antonov transporter had just taken off with "several dozen people" onboard, heading for the eastern region of Kivu, where the army is fighting militia groups, an airport official told AFP, speaking on condition of anonymity.
The plane went down at N'sele, about 100 kilometres east of Kinshasa, capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the source said.
A local official in the area of the crash told AFP there were "no survivors".
AFP reporters saw that the country's Republican Guard had erected a barrier around the crash site, in an uninhabited area that formerly housed an agro-industrial complex.
He said there were "between 20 and 30 people" on board when it took off from Kinshasa's Ndjili airport.
However, a commander at the airport, George Tabora, said that "there were no passengers onboard."
"There were only crew members because it's a cargo plane," he said, without saying how many were onboard, or their nationality.
Army and government spokesmen were unavailable for comment.
A witness at the crash site told AFP he had seen the plane "falling" out the sky shortly before 9:00 am but said there was no sign of any smoke coming from the aircraft.
A woman whose house is less than 500 metres (yards) from the crash site said: "It was the explosions that caught my attention. It was like a war."
A senior officer at the site described the plane as a twisted wreck, with mangled bodies strewn around.
Smoke was stilling rising from the wreckage hours afterwards, AFP journalists saw, though they were prohibited from taking videos or photos by soldiers on the perimeter, guns at the ready.
Fighting broke out there on September 24, and was followed on Thursday by clashes in Sud-Kivu's second largest city, Uvira, which is on the border with Burundi.
At least three transport planes have crashed in the DRC since 2000.
As many as 200 people died when they were sucked out of a Russian-made Ilyushin 76 plane after a door fell off the aircraft as it headed from Kinshasa to Lubumbashi in the southeast in May 2003.
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