Bacteria may provide clues to how birds got wings

Scientists have used bacteria to show that gene duplication allows organisms to evolve new attributes such as wings, horns or limbs.
The evolution of major novel traits, characteristics such as wings, flowers, horns or limbs has long been known to play a key role in allowing organisms to exploit new opportunities in their surroundings.
However, how these important augmentations come about from a genetic point of view is still not well understood.
Researchers from the University of Oxford in UK and University of Zurich used bacteria to show that acquiring duplicate copies of genes can provide a 'template' allowing organisms to develop new attributes from redundant copies of existing genes.

"The appearance of novel traits, such as wings and flowers, has played a key role in the evolution of biological diversity," said Craig MacLean, from the University of Oxford.
"However, it is usually difficult to understand the actual genetic changes that drive these evolutionary innovations," MacLean said.

"We have taken advantage of a simple bacterial model system, where bacteria evolve the ability to eat new food sources, to overcome this obstacle," he said.
The researchers allowed 380 populations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria to evolve novel metabolic traits such as the ability to degrade new sugars.
This gave the researchers the opportunity to witness evolution happening in real-time.

After 30 days of evolution, they sequenced the genomes of bacteria that had evolved novel metabolic traits.
They found that mutations mainly affected genes involved in transcription and metabolism, and that novelty tended to evolve through mutations in pre-existing duplicated genes in the P aeruginosa genome.
Duplication drives novelty because genetic redundancy provided by duplication allows bacteria to evolve new metabolic functions without compromising existing functions.
These findings suggest that past duplication events might be important for future innovations.
"The key insight of our study is that having redundant copies of genes provides bacteria with a template for evolving new traits without sacrificing existing traits," said MacLean.

"In higher organisms like animals and plants, duplicate genes arise from spontaneous duplication of existing genes," he said.
"In contrast, bacteria tend to acquire duplicate genes from neighbouring bacterial cells through horizontal gene transfer, which is the bacterial equivalent of sex," MacLean said.
The study was published in the journal PLOS Genetics.