The Britain-based group said the dead included a family of four, with the father, mother and two children killed in the blast on the outskirts of the Rukban camp.
Another four of those killed were fighters from local tribes in eastern Syria that have battled the jihadist Islamic State group.
The monitor said the toll could rise further because a number of the injured were in serious condition.
Jordan's official Petra news agency, citing a military source, also reported the blast at the isolated makeshift camp, which houses around 85,000 Syrians according to the United Nations.
The source said there were no Jordanian casualties.
Jordan closed its border in June 2016, halting aid deliveries to the camp, after a bombing claimed by the Islamic State jihadist group killed seven Jordanian soldiers.
Officials said at the time that the bomber had come from the camp and declared the border a closed military zone.
The decision prompted shortages at the camp, with rights group Amnesty International in October decrying "hellish" conditions for those seeking refuge there.
The United Nations says there are more than 600,000 refugees from Syria in Jordan, a figure Amman puts at 1.4 million.
In August, King Abdullah II said his country was "doing its utmost to help refugees" from Syria.
"However, we have reached our limits... This is an international crisis and an international responsibility, and the world has to do its part," he said.
More than four million Syrians have fled their country since the beginning of the conflict in March 2011, which has killed more than 310,000 people.
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