Nasheed, who has been in prison in the Maldives but was granted special leave for urgent surgery, visited Cameron's Downing Street office in London, accompanied by his wife Laila Ali Abdulla and his British lawyer Amal Clooney.
Nasheed's conviction last March on terror-related charges has been widely criticised by the international community.
The 48-year-old ex-leader left the Maldives on Monday after resolving a last-minute legal dispute with the government over his 30-day release for spinal cord surgery in Britain.
The former British protectorate in the Indian Ocean is one of the 53 Commonwealth members.
"Looking ahead to the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group visit to the Maldives next month, the prime minister and Mr Nasheed agreed this was an opportunity for all Commonwealth members to send a consistently strong message on the need for the Maldivian government to engage in open political dialogue and free all remaining political prisoners swiftly.
"Finally, the prime minister told Mr Nasheed that the UK would continue to raise concerns about the erosion of democracy and wider situation in the Maldives."
The UN has said his trial was seriously flawed and he should be released and compensated for wrongful detention.
But the Maldives' hardline President Abdulla Yameen has refused to accept the UN ruling and has been resisting international pressure to release Nasheed.
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