The accident happened on the Chao Phraya river on Sunday afternoon near the ancient city of Ayutthaya, when a boat packed with Muslim pilgrims returning from a mosque hit a concrete bank in strong currents.
The boat, which was carrying double its 50 passenger capacity, sunk in seconds.
Ayutthaya deputy governor Rewat Prasong said the captain faces charges including having an expired licence, allowing too many passengers on board and negligence that led to death.
"We are still looking for three people -- two women and a girl -- who have been reported missing by relatives," he said.
Safety regulations are poorly enforced in Thailand, including on boats, with overcrowding, sinkings and crashes common -- particularly in busy tourist areas.
According to the World Health Organization, Thailand has the world's second highest road fatality rate after Libya.
The Thai junta has got tough on breaches of many laws, but has yet to addressed chronic safety lapses in the country's transport system.
But the dire safety record has not deterred tourists from visiting the kingdom.
The junta expects tourism to account for as much as 17 percent of GDP this year.
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