The scheme, known as Shanxinhui or "philanthropic exchange", is under investigation and the group's founder Zhang Tianming, along with several employees, was arrested earlier this month.
But in an unusual display of public disobedience, hundreds of protesters affiliated with the scheme gathered in the capital Beijing today and 67 of them were detained.
Photos and videos on social media showed a large group chanting slogans and holding red banners urging President Xi Jinping to stop the investigation into the group, which they described as a legitimate platform being "persecuted".
Yesterday, the Guangdong public security bureau said on its official social media account that 230 members of the scheme had been arrested, with 142 facing criminal charges.
It added that 55 companies suspected of involvement in the scheme have been put under investigation, and pledged to "maintain the high pressure crackdown".
Shanxinhui is "the Falun Gong of a new era," one social media user said Monday, referring to the banned religious group that has been brutally suppressed by the Chinese government for nearly two decades after it staged a major protest in Beijing's centre.
Its official Weibo microblog account has blank since last week, with no posts shown, and its website is not accessible.
A cached version of the website described the organisation as an equity investment group founded in 2013 that promotes causes such as forestry conservation and poverty alleviation.
As of June, as many as 2.3 million participants had not received a pay-out in the scheme involving billions of yuan, according to Chinese state broadcaster China National Radio.
Pyramid schemes have become increasingly popular in China in recent years, with promotional material spreading rapidly on social media networks.
Police investigated 2,826 pyramid scheme cases in 2016, nearly 20 per cent more than in 2015, according to the Ministry of Public Security.
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