Family tree of all known snake and lizard groups mapped

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The first large-scale evolutionary family tree for every snake and lizard around the globe has been created by scientists.
Alex Pyron, the Robert F Griggs Assistant Professor of Biology in George Washington University's Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, along with researchers from the City University of New York and Arizona State University, has catalogued 4,161 species of snakes and lizards, or squamates.
"Squamates include all lizards and snakes found throughout the globe, including around 9,500 species on every continent except Antarctica, and found in most oceans," said Pyron.
"This is everything from cobras to garter snakes to tiny geckos to the Komodo Dragon to the Gila Monster. They range from tiny threadsnakes that can curl up on a dime to 10 feet monitor lizards and 30 foot pythons. They eat everything from ants to wildebeest," Pyron added.

The evolutionary family tree, or phylogeny, includes all families and subfamilies and most genus and species groups, said Pyron.
While there are gaps on some branches of the tree, the structure of the tree goes a long way toward fully mapping every genus and species group.

"It's like building an incomplete family tree for your family, but with half of the 'children' sampled. You're in it, but not your brother, one of your cousins is, but not another," Pyron said.
"However, because it's so complete, we know where the missing relatives go because there's no longer as much mystery as to how the missing species, or cousins, are related, with a few notable exceptions for some remaining species.

"This is also a community effort. We sequenced hundreds of these species ourselves but took thousands more from public databases, building on the work of others," Pyron added.
Understanding how various snakes and lizards are connected to each other fills a major gap in knowledge, said Pyron, because before this, there were no single reference for how all lizards and snakes were related or what their classification was.
The researchers used DNA sequencing technology to genotype, or identify, the DNA of thousands of lizards and snakes.
"We have laid down the structure of squamate relationships and yet this is still the beginning," said Pyron.

"As hundreds of new species are described every year from around the glove, this estimate of the squamate tree of life shows us what we do know, and more importantly, what we don't know, and will hopefully spur even more research on the amazing diversity of lizards and snakes," Pyron said.
The findings were published in the journal BMC Evolutionary Biology.