Focus on coasts to clean up plastics in ocean: study

The most efficient way to clean up ocean plastics and avoid harming ecosystems is to place plastic collectors near coasts, a new study suggests.
Plastic floating in the oceans is a widespread and increasing problem. Plastics including bags, bottle caps and plastic fibres from synthetic clothes wash out into the oceans from urban rivers, sewers and waste deposits.
Larger plastics are broken down into smaller fragments that can persist for hundreds or even thousands of years, and fragments of all sizes are swallowed by animals and enter the food web, disrupting ecosystems.
One area of open ocean in the North Pacific has an unusually large collection of microscopic plastics, or microplastics, and is known as the Great Pacific garbage patch, according to researchers at the Imperial College London.

The patch is enclosed by ocean currents that concentrate the plastics into an area estimated to be larger than twice the size of the UK.
The patch has gained international attention, and there is now a project called The Ocean Cleanup that plans to deploy plastic collectors to clean up the region.

But researchers have shown that targeting the patch is not the most efficient way to clean up the oceans.
They used a model of ocean plastic movements to determine the best places to deploy plastic collectors to remove the most amount of microplastics, and to prevent the most harm to wildlife and ecosystems.

Researchers found that placing plastic collectors like those proposed by The Ocean Cleanup project around coasts was more beneficial than placing them all inside the patch. The project proposes a system of floating barriers and platforms to concentrate and collect plastics and remove them.
"The Great Pacific garbage patch has a huge mass of microplastics, but the largest flow of plastics is actually off the coasts, where it enters the oceans," said Peter Sherman from Imperial College London.
For a ten-year project between 2015 and 2025, researchers found that placing collectors near coasts, particularly around China and the Indonesian islands, would remove 31 per cent of microplastics. With all the collectors in the patch, only 17 per cent would be removed.

"It makes sense to remove plastics where they first enter the ocean around dense coastal economic and population centres," said Erik van Sebille from Imperial College London.
"It also means you can remove the plastics before they have had a chance to do any harm. Plastics in the patch have travelled a long way and potentially already done a lot of harm," he added.
The model also looked at areas where microplastics overlapped with phytoplankton - microscopic floating plants that form the basic food of many ocean ecosystems. Many microplastics enter the food web in these areas as microscopic animals accidentally eat them, researchers said.

The findings were published in the journal Environmental Research Letters.