US Secretary of State John Kerry, whose government announced earlier this month that it was ready to start arming the mainstream rebel Free Syrian Army (FSA), was among the top diplomats attending the "Friends of Syria" meeting.
British Foreign Secretary William Hague, who was also in Doha for the talks, said his government had yet to take a decision on whether to provide arms as well as non-lethal equipment to the rebels.
Ahead of the talks, an FSA spokesman told AFP it had new types of weaponry that could give it the edge in the 27-month conflict.
"We've received quantities of new types of weapons, including some that we asked for and that we believe will change the course of the battle on the ground," Louay Muqdad said.
"We have begun distributing them on the front lines, they will be in the hands of professional officers and FSA fighters," he said, without saying who supplied them.
Washington said earlier this month that it would provide arms to the rebels in response to intelligence assessments that forces loyal to President Bashar al-Assad had made limited use of its chemical weapons stockpiles.
But US officials have not specified what types of weapons Washington is prepared to deliver.
The Los Angeles Times reported yesterday that the CIA and US special forces have been training Syrian rebels for months, including in the use of coveted anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapons.
Top diplomats from Egypt, France, Germany, Italy, Jordan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates were also due to join the Doha talks.
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