The 29-year-old made an unexpected comeback in the first set to take down the fiery Vandeweghe 7-5, 6-1 in Zhuhai, China, as fellow German and tennis legend Steffi Graf watched from the stands.
With the title, Goerges is set to end the season with a career-high ranking of world number 14.
She joins other Elite Trophy winners Petra Kvitova and Venus Williams.
Vandeweghe started off strong in the first set -- easily breaking Goerges in the second game and holding serve in the next to give her a 3-0 lead.
A fuming Vandeweghe shouted and threw her racquet on the ground in frustration before finally losing the set 7-5.
Goerges went on to dominate in the second to win seven games in a row as Vandeweghe seemed to lose focus.
The German claimed the match with a third break of serve in the second set.
Goerges had enjoyed a smooth road to the final, seeing off Slovakia's number one Magdalena Rybarikova, top seed Kristina Mladenovic and Latvia's Anastasija Sevastova -- also in straight sets.
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