Irek Hamidullin showed no expression as guilty verdicts were read on all 15 counts, including providing material support to terrorism, attempting to destroy US aircraft and conspiracy to use a weapon of mass destruction. He faces up to life in prison. Sentencing was set for November 6.
The verdict came after eight hours of deliberations and five days of testimony.
Defense attorney Rob Wagner declined to say whether the convictions will be appealed.
The case addressed the novel question of whether an enemy combatant captured on a foreign battlefield can be convicted in civilian court of being a terrorist.
Defense attorneys had tried unsuccessfully to have the indictment dismissed, arguing that Hamidullin, 55, was essentially a prisoner of war and ineligible for trial in civilian court.
Defense attorney Paul Gill renewed the argument in his closing remarks to the jury earlier yesterday.
"This is war, everyone talks about it, that's what everyone has heard," he said. "Those kinds of conflicts do not and should not come to this court."
"He made confident, consistent and corroborated confessions," the prosecutor said in closing arguments.
Hamidullin did not testify. In secretly recorded interviews, he talked about planning the attack but denied ever firing a shot.
The judge barred the government from using the word "terrorist" and prosecutors were not allowed to mention Osama bin Laden.
According to US officials, Hamidullin is a Russian veteran of the Soviet war in Afghanistan who stayed in the country and joined the Haqqani Network, a Taliban-affiliated militant group.