Living organ regenerated for first time

Scientists have regenerated a living organ for the first time after they rebuilt the thymus - an organ in the body located next to the heart that produces important immune cells - in very old mice.
The advance could pave the way for new therapies for people with damaged immune systems and genetic conditions that affect thymus development.
Scientists at the University of Edinburgh reactivated a natural mechanism that shuts down with age to rejuvenate the thymus in very old mice. After treatment, the regenerated organ had a similar structure to that found in a young mouse.
The function of the thymus was also restored and the mice began making more white blood cells called T cells, which are important for fighting off infection. However, it is not yet clear whether the immune system of the mice was improved.

The researchers targeted a protein produced by cells of the thymus - called FOXN1 - which helps to control how important genes are switched on.
By increasing levels of FOXN1, the team instructed stem cell-like cells to rebuild the organ.

"Our results suggest that targeting the same pathway in humans may improve thymus function and therefore boost immunity in elderly patients, or those with a suppressed immune system. However, before we test this in humans we need to carry out more work to make sure the process can be tightly controlled," said Clare Blackburn, Professor of Tissue Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine.

The thymus deteriorates with age, which is why older people are often more susceptible to infections such as flu.
The discovery could also offer hope to patients with DiGeorge syndrome, a genetic condition that causes the thymus to not develop properly, researchers said.
"One of the key goals in regenerative medicine is harnessing the body's own repair mechanisms and manipulating these in a controlled way to treat disease," said Dr Rob Buckle, Head of Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research Council.
"This interesting study suggests that organ regeneration in a mammal can be directed by manipulation of a single protein, which is likely to have broad implications for other areas of regenerative biology," Buckle said.

The study is published in the journal Development.